Entries by Daniel Arenson

Megastructures

We humans can build some big stuff. The Great Wall of China. The Burj Khalifa. The Hoover Dam. But for truly big structures – megastructures, if you will – we must turn to science fiction.

Megastructures in science fiction dwarf anything we’ve built on Earth. We might be able to build some of these theoretical structures in the future. Some might already exist out there in the galaxy, built by alien civilizations.

Let’s take a look at some science fiction megastructures.


ORBITAL RING

An orbital ring is a theoretical, ring-shaped structure that orbits around a central point. The inner surface of the ring provides living area. If the ring is large enough, living space is quite ample, greatly surpassing the surface area of Earth. Cities, forests, fields, lakes—they can all fit on the inner surface of the ring.

Meanwhile, the ring will spin, generating centrifugal force. This will create artificial gravity. The centrifugal force will also negate the need for a “roof.” By spinning, the ring can maintain an atmosphere. The air will “cling” to the ring like water clings to the bottom of a spinning bucket.

Orbital rings were popularized by Larry Niven’s seminal novel Ringworld. Other science fiction authors have included orbital rings in their universes. Banks Orbitals, a smaller version of Ringworlds, feature prominently in the Culture series. Bishop Rings, proposed by Forrest Bishop of the Institute of Atomic-Scale Engineering, are small orbitals with enough living space for millions of people.


O’NEILL CYLINDER

O'Neill Cylinders are theoretical “tube” habitats. Space colonists would live on the inner surface of the cylinder. The entire structure would spin, generating centrifugal force and thereby providing artificial gravity.

The interior of an O’Neill cylinder would be curved. Standing inside one, you would see the horizons curve upward. Far above, you would see colonists on the “roof,” walking upside down. If the cylinder’s radius were large enough, however, you would barely notice the curve. The surface would seem flat. The inside of the cylinder could support fields, gardens, rivers, and cities.

A famous O’Neill cylinder in science fiction is Rama, featured in Arthur C. Clark’s novel Rendezvous with Rama.


TOPOPOLIS

A topopolis is a cross between an Orbital Ring and an O’Neill Cylinder. In a sense, it’s an extremely long O’Neill cylinder which loops around a star. It can even loop around several times, forming a torus knot.

A topopolis would require massive amounts of matter to construct. Its total mass could equal or even eclipse the mass of a planet. But its inner surface area would be far larger than that of a planet, providing enough living space for trillions of humans (or aliens).

A topopolis appears in the 2008 novel Matter by Iain M. Banks. The 2020 novel Heaven’s River by Dennis E. Taylor prominently features a topopolis that is home to sentient, otter-like aliens.


ALDERSON DISK

An Alderson disk (named after its originator, Dan Alderson) is a massive artificial disk circling a star. It looks like a giant record, with the star fitting in the central hole. The disk will orbit the star, absorbing its energy. Living space can exist on either side of the disk.

The disk would stretch across a solar system like a solid ecliptic plane. Such a structure would include more mass than in the star it orbits, requiring matter collected from other solar systems.

An Alderson disk appears in Ian McDonald's novel Empress of the Sun.


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WORMHOLE

A wormhole is a theoretical tunnel connecting two places in spacetime, allowing for faster-than-light travel. Starships could travel down the wormhole, crossing vast distances in short periods of time. In science fiction, wormholes serve a similar function to warp drive, allowing characters to travel through interstellar space.

Wormholes are, in a sense, a highway system between the stars.


DYSON SPHERE

A Dyson sphere is a megastructure designed to capture the full energy output of a star. It is a solid, artificial sphere the size of a solar system, completely enclosing a star. Solar panels (or analogous technology) along the inner surface capture the sun’s released energy.

The inner surface can also provide living space. The surface area will be millions of times larger than any planet offers.

A Dyson sphere would allow a civilization to fully harvest the energy of its star. Normally, only a very small percentage of a star’s solar energy reaches any particular planet. The rest is lost. A Dyson sphere would solve that problem. A sufficiently advanced, spacefaring civilization might construct Dyson spheres to meet its massive energy needs.

A spherical structure around a star was first proposed by Olaf Stapledon in his 1937 novel Star Maker. Freeman Dyson popularized the concept in his 1960 paper "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation." Dyson proposed that alien civilizations might build such spheres, and that in the search for alien life, we should attempt to find them.

A Dyson swarm is an alternate version of a Dyson sphere, involving a large number of smaller structures (e.g. satellites with solar panels) that swarm around a star.


MATRIOSHKA BRAIN

A Matrioshka brain was proposed by Robert J. Bradbury in the anthology Year Million: Science at the Far Edge of Knowledge. The name is based on Matryoshka dolls, also known as Russian nesting dolls.

The Matryoshka is a megastructure on a truly enormous scale. It's comprised of nested Dyson spheres. The innermost sphere surrounds a star, absorbing its energy, which powers a central computer. This inner sphere releases huge amounts of waste heat. An enclosing sphere absorbs the waste energy, using it for its own computational purposes. It releases its own waste heat to the next layer, and so on. Sphere within sphere. The innermost sphere would run at nearly the temperature of the enclosed star, while each enclosing sphere would be a little cooler.


Know any other megastructures? Mention them in the comments!

Top Sci-Fi Songs

We normally talk about books and movies here at Discover Sci-Fi. But today we’d like to bring you something a little different -- science fiction music. Specifically, rock music!

We put together a list of our twelve favorite rock songs with sci-fi themes. So crank up the volume. Let’s geek out and rock out.


12“Rocket Man” by Elton John

Elton John's 1972 song was inspired by the short story "The Rocket Man" by Ray Bradbury. The song describes an astronaut flying to Mars and missing his family back home. The song is also infamous for William Shatner's disastrous cover at the 5th Saturn Awards Ceremony.


11. “Tonight We Ride” by Unleash the Archers

The music video for “Tonight We Ride” was clearly inspired by Mad Max. It makes us want to watch “Fury Road” again. The tone here is post-apocalyptic or dystopian, making it a little different from the other songs on our list, but we think this song is just too cool to leave out.


10. “Science Fiction Double Feature” from The Rocky Horror Picture Show

This song is a loving homage to old sci-fi, referencing many 1950s sci-fi and horror films. The song opens both the Rocky Horror stage production and film. In the film, the song is sung by a disembodied mouth, floating over a black background.


9. “Space Truckin’” by Deep Purple

Released in 1972, “Space Truckin’” tells a simple story about traveling the galaxy, rocking on different planets. The lyrics are perhaps simple, but the song has an addictive beat and has become a rock classic.

The song also has a sad story. It was a favorite of astronaut Kalpana Chawla, who played it regularly aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia, and traded emails with the band members from space. Tragically, Chawla and the rest of the crew were killed when the Columbia crashed. To honor her, Deep Purple wrote their song "Contact Lost.”


8. “Flash” by Queen

Written by guitarist Brian May, "Flash" is the theme song of the 1980 film Flash Gordon. Queen wrote the soundtrack to the movie, helping it become a cult favorite with fans of science fiction. Arguably, Queen’s soundtrack is more famous than the movie itself.


7. “Mr. Roboto” by Styx

"Mr. Roboto" by rock band Styx tells of a future where a fascist government has outlawed rock music. The story's protagonist, Kilroy, is a rock star who was placed in a futuristic prison for "rock and roll misfits" by the anti-rock-and-roll group the Majority for Musical Morality. Mr. Roboto, the eponymous robot, works in the prison, doing menial tasks. Kilroy escapes the prison by overpowering Roboto and hiding inside its metal body.

The lyric "Domo arigato, Mr. Roboto" has become a catchphrase.


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6. “Supernova” by Within Temptation

The music video for “Supernova,” by Dutch band Within Temptation, looks like a big-budget science fiction movie. In the video, the band performs the song on a post-apocalyptic landscape while a supernova burns in the sky above.

Their music video for “Raise Your Banner,” from the same album, continues the science fiction theme.


5. Rush – 2112

"2112", a 20-minute-long song by Canadian rockers Rush, tells a dark science fiction tale. The song is set in the city of Megadon in the year 2112. Individualism and creativity are outlawed. A cabal of malevolent priests, who reside in the Temples of Syrinx, control the population. But the true masters are giant computers inside the temple, who command the priests. Music is outlawed in this dark, futuristic world. But one nameless man finds a guitar inside a cave and rediscovers the lost art of music.


4. “Sagan” by Nightwish

Nightwish, a symphonic metal band from Finland, writes many songs about fantasy, poetry, and science. One of their songs, “Sagan,” a tribute to the late Carl Sagan. While primarily known as a scientist, Sagan was also a science fiction author, penning the novel Contact.


3. “The Final Frontier” and “To Tame a Land” by Iron Maiden

For 3rd best sci-fi rock song, we have a tie. Steve Harris, the primary songwriter for Iron Maiden, is a big fantasy and science fiction fan. He wrote an entire album, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, based on an Orson Scott Card fantasy series. He also regularly includes science fiction and fantasy themes in other albums.

One of our favorite sci-fi songs is “The Final Frontier.” The cinematic movie video, which seems inspired by franchises like Alien, features a battle between a human astronaut and Eddie, the band’s demonic mascot.

Another one of our favorite Iron Maiden songs? “To Tame a Land,” which is based on the groundbreaking science fiction novel Dune.


2. “Iron Man” by Black Sabbath

Almost everyone knows the riff to “Iron Man” by Black Sabbath. Most people think the song is about the comic book character. But the song, which was released in 1970, tells an original science fiction story. The song is about a man who time travels into the future and sees the apocalypse. While returning from the future, a magnetic field turns him into metal. He tries to warn the public, but they fear his new appearance. Mocked and shunned from society, Iron Man plans his revenge on mankind. Thus he himself causes the apocalypse he saw in his vision.


1. “Space Oddity” by David Bowie

Inspired by Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, David Bowie wrote and released "Space Oddity" in 1969. The song is about the launch into space of Major Tom, a fictional astronaut, and was released during an exciting time for space exploration. The moon landing occurred only several days after the song was released.

In 2013, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield performed the song while aboard the International Space Station, creating the first music video shot in space.

Space Oddity is a true classic and our favorite sci-fi rock song.


What do you think of our picks? What are your favorite sci-fi rock songs? Share your thoughts in the comments.


Daniel Arenson is a bookworm, proud geek, and USA Today bestselling author of fantasy and science fiction. His novels have sold over a million copies. He's written over sixty novels in multiple series.

He is best known for Earthrise, the story of Earth struggling to rise after a devastating alien invasion. The Earthrise universe is explored in three series: Earthrise The Original Series, Soldiers of Earthrise, and Children of Earthrise.

In addition to Earthrise, Daniel has written the comedic sci-fi trilogy Alien Hunters.

He's also written several epic fantasy series: Kingdoms of Sand, MothRequiem.

You can follow Daniel on FacebookTwitter and his website.

Why Won’t Aliens Talk to Us?

It’s called the Fermi paradox, named after Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi. We know there are billions of planets in the galaxy. According to the famous Drake equation, many of these worlds probably developed alien life. So… where are all the aliens? There are many possible solutions to the Fermi paradox. Here at Discover Sci-Fi, we’d […]

Ten Scariest Aliens

Space. It’s dark. It’s unexplored. Let’s face it, it can be scary.

Space is like the darkness under our bed. Like a closet door ajar in the night. Like a shadowy cave where a predator might lurk.

We humans evolved to fear the unknown darkness. Is it any wonder science fiction is full of scary aliens?

Today we’ll look at top scariest aliens in science fiction.


10. Ferengi

We put the Ferengi at number 10 because, let’s face it, they aren’t too scary. Originally, the guys at Star Trek wanted to create a formidable antagonist. An alien race that would strike some serious fear into the heart of the Federation. They designed aliens they thought would be demonic. The result was . . . less than terrifying. Thankfully, with Deep Space Nine, Star Trek pivoted and began to humanize the Ferengi, creating a much more interesting race.


9. Sarlacc

A pit full of tentacles and teeth is pretty scary. Especially when it will digest you over a thousand years, keeping you alive throughout the process. We’re gonna give these guys a wide berth. The Sarlacc from Star Wars clocks in at our 9th scariest alien.


8. Starship Troopers Bugs

The Arachnids from Starship Troopers are brutal. With their vicious mandibles and claws, they love nothing more than ripping humans apart. They can inflict serious damage even upon the bravest space marines. We’ll never forget the Battle of Klendathu.


7. Killer Klowns from Outer Space

Aliens and homicidal clowns? Okay, that’s a double dose of evil right there. These terrifying aliens star in a cult 1980s horror film. They’re Pennywise meets Predator. No thanks. We’re staying far away from that circus.


6. They Live aliens

The aliens from They Live are particularly scary because they live among us. They disguise themselves as humans. Only with special sunglasses can you see their true, hideous forms. Could they be living among us right now?


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5. Doctor Who's Weeping Angels

Opening our top five are the Weeping Angels from Doctor Who. They terrified a generation of Whovians, and are largely considered the scariest alien from Doctor Who. And that’s saying something. When you look at them, they appear like weeping angel statues, the kind you see in graveyards. But if you so much as blink, they transform into something hideous … and attack. Don’t blink!


4. Predators

The Predators are among the most fearsome aliens in the galaxy. This race of spacefaring hunters won’t only kill you. They’ll save your skull as a trophy. A single Predator can wipe out an entire platoon of elite human commandos. If you see one, cover yourself in mud and hide.


3. Xenomorphs

The Xenomorphs from the Alien franchise terrified a generation. Even if you’re not a big science fiction fan, you probably know them. And fear them. We first saw one burst out of John Hurt’s chest in 1979. We’re still traumatized.


2. Grays from Fire in the Sky

They might not have claws like Xenomorphs or fangs like Predators. But the aliens from Fire in the Sky are terrors from your worst nightmares. They will strap you down and perform sadistic medical experiments on you. Honestly? We’d rather face a Predator’s jaws than these guys’ scalpels.


1. John Carpenter's The Thing

Our scariest alien is the Thing. We’re not quite sure how to describe it. Maybe because it can take so many forms, each more hideous than the last. Jon Carpenter’s film took science fiction and drenched it with body horror.


Honorable Mention: Mac

We had to include a little bonus alien. Mac from Mac & Me. This 80's children’s film attempt to rip off E.T., following the plot almost exactly. But its version of E.T., named Mac, was anything but cute. He was slimy, stretchy, and to be honest, pretty damn creepy.

What do you think of our list? How would YOU rank the top ten scariest aliens? Let us know in the comments, or by joining in on the debate in the DSF Reader Group on Facebook.


Daniel Arenson is a bookworm, proud geek, and USA Today bestselling author of fantasy and science fiction. His novels have sold over a million copies. He's written over sixty novels in multiple series.

He is best known for Earthrise, the story of Earth struggling to rise after a devastating alien invasion. The Earthrise universe is explored in three series: Earthrise The Original Series, Soldiers of Earthrise, and Children of Earthrise.

In addition to Earthrise, Daniel has written the comedic sci-fi trilogy Alien Hunters.

He's also written several epic fantasy series: Kingdoms of Sand, MothRequiem.

You can follow Daniel on FacebookTwitter and his website.

Toughest Sci-Fi Warriors

Space is full of aliens, pirates, and evil imperial fleets. You gotta be tough to survive out there. Thankfully, science fiction is full of tough warriors. Let’s take a look at ten of our favorites.

10. Ender (Ender’s Game)

Ender Wiggin is a child soldier in the ground-breaking novel Ender’s Game. When alien bugs attack Earth, select children are trained to lead fleets in battle. Ender proves himself a maverick, a tactical genius who can lead Earth to victory. He might only be a kid, but his brilliance in battle earns him a spot in our top ten.

Get Ender's Game
here on Amazon


9. Starbuck (Battlestar Galactica)

Kara Thrace, known as Starbuck, is a fighter pilot serving aboard the Battlestar Galactica. She curses, smokes cigars, laughs too loud, and likes to punch her superior officers. But beneath her tough exterior, she’s compassionate and deeply cares about her loved ones. Starbuck helped humanity survive after the devastating Cylon attack. Without her battle prowess, humanity would likely have gone extinct. She’s definitely one tough warrior.

Watch Battlestar Galactica now here on Amazon Prime Video.


8. Captain Kirk (Star Trek)

Kirk isn’t only a capable starship captain. He’s also an accomplished brawler, and he never shies away from a fight. Whenever the chance arises, he beams down to a planet to fight his enemies hand to hand. Perhaps his most memorable fight was against the infamous Gorn.

Watch Star Trek now here on Amazon Prime Video.


7. Jayne Cobb (Firefly)

Jayne is a hulking, gruff mercenary serving aboard the Serenity. He helps the crew on their various smuggling missions and heists, usually by providing the muscle. He best friend seems to be Vera, his beloved rifle. Despite his tough-guy persona, Jayne loves wearing an adorable beanie hat, which his mother knitted for him.

Watch Firefly now here on Amazon Prime Video.


6. Commander Adama (Battlestar Galactica)

Bill Adama is the laconic commander of the Battlestar Galactica. His stony exterior belies his kind, compassionate nature. He truly cares about his soldiers, seeing them as his children. In times of battle, he is calm, competent, and willing to make the necessary sacrifices. With his decades of experience, Adama inspires loyalty from his troops, who affectionately refer to him as “the old man.” Adama’s leadership helped humanity survive the devastating Cylon attack.

Watch Battlestar Galactica now here on Amazon Prime Video.


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ll also get recommendations for new releases and discounted ebooks from our expert editorial team, from bestsellers to hidden gems.


5. Admiral Ackbar (Star Wars)

Admiral Ackbar is only a secondary character in the Star Wars saga but an important one. He was one of the high commanders of the rebel alliance, leading fleets into battle. During his many years of service, Ackbar was regarded as a brilliant tactician and courageous officer. He famously commanded the rebel fleet during the Battle of Endor. Despite inadvertently flying into a trap, Akbar eventually led the fleet to victory.

Watch Star Wars now here on Amazon Prime Video.


4. Addy (Earthrise)

Addison “Addy” Linden is a heroic warrior from the Earthrise series. Following a devastating alien invasion of Earth, Addy joins the army as a humble private. She fights in many battles, rises through the ranks, and becomes a war heroine and leader. Addy is loud, foul-mouthed, and covered in tattoos. She loves beer, hot dogs, and good old-fashioned hockey fights. Despite her coarse exterior, on the inside Addy is deeply compassionate and loyal to her friends. Her leadership, courage, and determination give Earth a fighting chance against the alien menace.

Get your copy of Earth Alone, the first book in the Earthrise series,
here on Amazon.


3. Juan Rico (Starship Troopers)

Juan Rico is a young soldier from Robert Heinlein’s seminal novel Starship Troopers. Earth is battling a race of alien bugs. Juan enlists, goes through gruelling bootcamp, and learns how to operate a mech suit—a powerful robotic exoskeleton. He eventually becomes an officer and heroically leads his platoon to victories on the battlefield. He is the archetypical space marine, inspiring many heroes in the genre of military science fiction.

Get your copy of Starship Troopers
here on Amazon.


2. The Terminator

The Terminator is nearly unstoppable. Bullets, fire, explosions—he can survive almost anything. He just keeps going until his mission is fulfilled. If he’s your enemy, you’re in deep trouble. If he’s your ally, he’ll protect you until the very end. The Terminator is definitely one of the toughest characters in the genre.

Watch The Terminator now here on Amazon Prime Video.


1. Ripley (Alien)

Topping our list is Ripley from the Alien franchise. When an unknown creature infiltrates the starship Nostromo, Ripley manages to survive while the alien kills everyone else, one by one. On the colony LV-426, which has been overrun with aliens, Ripley proves herself a valiant warrior. She battles an alien infestation, faces off against the alien queen, and even saves the orphan Newt, the colony’s sole survivor. When it comes to pure grit, Ripley is impossible to beat. We give her the crown of toughest sci-fi warrior.

Watch Alien now here on Amazon Prime Video.


What do you think? Do you agree with our list? Who do you think is the toughest warrior in science fiction? 

Sound off the in the comments below, or chime in with your 2¢ in the Discover Sci-Fi Reader Group on Facebook


Daniel Arenson

Daniel Arenson is a bookworm, proud geek, and USA Today bestselling author of fantasy and science fiction. His novels have sold over a million copies. He's written over sixty novels in multiple series.

He is best known for Earthrise, the story of Earth struggling to rise after a devastating alien invasion. The Earthrise universe is explored in three series: Earthrise The Original Series, Soldiers of Earthrise, and Children of Earthrise.

In addition to Earthrise, Daniel has written the comedic sci-fi trilogy Alien Hunters.

He's also written several epic fantasy series: Kingdoms of Sand, MothRequiem.

You can follow Daniel on FacebookTwitter and his website.